18 USC

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18 USC Sec. 7 Has Changes 01/22/02

Extract of the United States Code, Title 18, Secs 7 - 493.

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 7. Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined

The term ''special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States'', as used in this title, includes:

(1) The high seas, any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, and any vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession thereof, when such vessel is within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State.

(2) Any vessel registered, licensed, or enrolled under the laws of the United States, and being on a voyage upon the waters of any of the Great Lakes, or any of the waters connecting them, or upon the Saint Lawrence River where the same constitutes the International Boundary Line.

(3) Any lands reserved or acquired for the use of the United States, and under the exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction thereof, or any place purchased or otherwise acquired by the United States by consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of a fort, magazine, arsenal, dockyard, or other needful building.

(4) Any island, rock, or key containing deposits of guano (seabird doodoo), which may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as appertaining to the United States.

(5) Any aircraft belonging in whole or in part to the United States, or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or any State, Territory, district, or possession thereof, while such aircraft is in flight over the high seas, or over any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State.

(6) Any vehicle used or designed for flight or navigation in space and on the registry of the United States pursuant to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, while that vehicle is in flight, which is from the moment when all external doors are closed on Earth following embarkation until the moment when one such door is opened on Earth for disembarkation or in the case of a forced landing, until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the vehicle and for persons and property aboard.

(7) Any place outside the jurisdiction of any nation with respect to an offense by or against a national of the United States.

(8) To the extent permitted by international law, any foreign vessel during a voyage having a scheduled departure from or arrival in the United States with respect to an offense committed by or against a national of the United States.

(<-- Previous Changes)
(9) With respect to offenses committed by or against a national of the United States as that term is used in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act -

(A) the premises of United States diplomatic, consular, military or other United States Government missions or entities in foreign States, including the buildings, parts of buildings, and land appurtenant or ancillary thereto or used for purposes of those missions or entities, irrespective of ownership; and
(B) residences in foreign States and the land appurtenant or ancillary thereto, irrespective of ownership, used for purposes of those missions or entities or used by United States personnel assigned to those missions or entities.

Nothing in this paragraph shall be deemed to supersede any treaty or international agreement with which this paragraph conflicts. This paragraph does not apply with respect to an offense committed by a person described in section 3261(a) of this title.
(Next Changes->)

misc administrative details omitted

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 451 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 272, 35 Stat. 1142; June 11, 1940, ch. 323, 54 Stat. 304).

     The words ''The term 'special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States' as used in this title includes:'' were substituted for the words ''The crimes and offenses defined in sections 451-468 of this title shall be punished as herein prescribed.''

     This section first appeared in the 1909 Criminal Code. It made it possible to combine in one chapter all the penal provisions covering acts within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction without the necessity of repeating in each section the places covered.

     The present section has made possible the allocation of the diverse provisions of chapter 11 of Title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., to particular chapters restricted to particular offenses, as contemplated by the alphabetical chapter arrangement.

     In several revised sections of said chapter 11 the words ''within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States'' have been added. Thus the jurisdictional limitation will be preserved in all sections of said chapter 11 describing an offense.

     Enumeration of names of Great Lakes was omitted as unnecessary.

     Other minor changes were necessary now that the section defines a term rather than the place of commission of crime or offense; however, the extent of the special jurisdiction as originally enacted has been carefully followed.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS

2001 - Par. (9). Pub. L. 107-56 added par. (9).
1994 - Par. (8). Pub. L. 103-322 added par. (8).
1984 - Par. (7). Pub. L. 98-473 added par. (7).
1981 - Par. (6). Pub. L. 97-96 added par. (6).
1952 - Par. (5). Act July 12, 1952, added par. (5).

TERRITORIAL SEA EXTENDING TO TWELVE MILES INCLUDED IN SPECIAL MARITIME AND TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION

Pub. L. 104-132, title IX, Sec. 901(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317, provided that: ''The Congress declares that all the territorial sea of the United States, as defined by Presidential Proclamation 5928 of December 27, 1988 (set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands), for purposes of Federal criminal jurisdiction is part of the United States, subject to its sovereignty, and is within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States for the purposes of title 18, United States Code.''

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 13, 112, 878, 1116, 1201, 2334, 2340 of this title;
title 15 sections 1175, 1243, 1245;
title 16 section 3372;
title 48 sections 1912, 1934;
title 49 section 46506.

18 USC Sec. 11 01/22/02

Sec. 11. Foreign government defined

The term ''foreign government'', as used in this title except in sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201, includes any government, faction, or body of insurgents within a country with which the United States is at peace, irrespective of recognition by the United States.

-SOURCE-
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 94-467, Sec. 11, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 2001.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 98, 288, 349; section 235 of title 22 U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse; section 41 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VIII, Sec. 4, 40 Stat. 226).

The definition of ''foreign government'' contained in this section, with minor changes in phraseology, is from section 4 of title VIII of act June 15, 1917 (Ch. 30, 40 Stat. 217, 226), known as the Espionage Act of 1917. This definition was incorporated in sections 98, 288, and 349 of title 18 and in section 235 of title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and in section 41 of Title 50, War and National Defense, U.S.C., all in 1940 ed., since the definition was specifically enacted with reference to said sections and others not material here.

The remaining provisions of said sections 98 and 349 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said section 4 of title VIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in sections 502 and 957 of this title.

amendment details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 14 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 16 01/22/02

Sec. 16. Crime of violence defined

The term ''crime of violence'' means -

(a) an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or
(b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.

-SOURCE-
(Added Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 1001(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2136.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 1956, 3181, 3663A of this title;
title 8 sections 1101, 1227;
title 20 sections 1232g, 6736;
title 21 section 841;
title 22 sections 2728, 4304b;
title 40 sections 212a, 212a-3;
title 42 sections 1437f, 13981, 14135a, 14503.

18 USC Sec. 31 01/22/02

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 2 - AIRCRAFT AND MOTOR VEHICLES

Sec. 31. Definitions

(a) Definitions. - In this chapter, the following definitions apply:

     (1) Aircraft. - The term ''aircraft'' means a civil, military, or public contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in the air.
     (2) Aviation quality. - The term ''aviation quality'', with respect to a part of an aircraft or space vehicle, means the quality of having been manufactured, constructed, produced, maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, reconditioned, or restored in conformity with applicable standards specified by law (including applicable regulations).
     (3) Destructive substance. - The term ''destructive substance'' means an explosive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature.
     (4) In flight. - The term ''in flight'' means -

     (A) any time from the moment at which all the external doors of an aircraft are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; and
     (B) in the case of a forced landing, until competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and the persons and property on board.

     (5) In service. - The term ''in service'' means -

     (A) any time from the beginning of preflight preparation of an aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until 24 hours after any landing; and
     (B) in any event includes the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight.

     (6) Motor vehicle. - The term ''motor vehicle'' means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo.
     (7) Part. - The term ''part'' means a frame, assembly, component, appliance, engine, propeller, material, part, spare part, piece, section, or related integral or auxiliary equipment.
     (8) Space vehicle. - The term ''space vehicle'' means a man-made device, either manned or unmanned, designed for operation beyond the Earth's atmosphere.
     (9) State. - The term ''State'' means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
     (10) Used for commercial purposes. - The term ''used for commercial purposes'' means the carriage of persons or property for any fare, fee, rate, charge or other consideration, or directly or indirectly in connection with any business, or other undertaking intended for profit.

(b) Terms Defined in Other Law. - In this chapter, the terms ''aircraft engine'', ''air navigation facility'', ''appliance'', ''civil aircraft'', ''foreign air commerce'', ''interstate air commerce'', ''landing area'', ''overseas air commerce'', ''propeller'', ''spare part'', and ''special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States'' have the meanings given those terms in sections 40102(a) and 46501 of title 49.
misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS

some amendment details omitted

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Section 2015 of part B (Sec. 2011-2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98-473 provided that:
''This part (see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note below) shall become effective on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution (Oct. 12, 1984).''

amendment detail omitted

SHORT TITLE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Section 2011 of part B (Sec. 2011-2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98-473 provided that:
''This part (amending this section, section 32 of this title, and sections 1301, 1471, and 1472 of former Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section) may be cited as the 'Aircraft Sabotage Act'.''

STATEMENT OF FINDINGS AND PURPOSE FOR 1984 AMENDMENT
Section 2012 of part B (Sec. 2011-2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98-473 provided that: ''The Congress hereby finds that -
''(1) the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (ratified by the United States on November 1, 1972) requires each contracting State to establish its jurisdiction over certain offenses affecting the safety of civil aviation;
''(2) such offenses place innocent lives in jeopardy, endanger national security, affect domestic tranquility, gravely affect interstate and foreign commerce, and are offenses against the law of nations; and
''(3) the purpose of this subtitle (part, see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note above) is to implement fully the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation and to expand the protection accorded to aircraft and related facilities.''

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 1993 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 32 01/22/02

Sec. 32. Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities

(a) Whoever willfully -

     (1) sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used, operated, or employed in interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce;
     (2) places or causes to be placed a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, or otherwise makes or causes to be made unworkable or unusable or hazardous to work or use, any such aircraft, or any part or other materials used or intended to be used in connection with the operation of such aircraft, if such placing or causing to be placed or such making or causing to be made is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft;
     (3) sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables any air navigation facility, or interferes by force or violence with the operation of such facility, if such fire, damaging, destroying, disabling, or interfering is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft in flight;
     (4) with the intent to damage, destroy, or disable any such aircraft, sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables or places a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any appliance or structure, ramp, landing area, property, machine, or apparatus, or any facility or other material used, or intended to be used, in connection with the operation, maintenance, loading, unloading or storage of any such aircraft or any cargo carried or intended to be carried on any such aircraft;
     (5) performs an act of violence against or incapacitates any individual on any such aircraft, if such act of violence or incapacitation is likely to endanger the safety of such aircraft;
     (6) communicates information, knowing the information to be false and under circumstances in which such information may reasonably be believed, thereby endangering the safety of any such aircraft in flight; or
     (7) attempts or conspires to do anything prohibited under paragraphs (1) through (6) of this subsection;

shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years or both.

(b) Whoever willfully -

     (1) performs an act of violence against any individual on board any civil aircraft registered in a country other than the United States while such aircraft is in flight, if such act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft;
     (2) destroys a civil aircraft registered in a country other than the United States while such aircraft is in service or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders that aircraft incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger that aircraft's safety in flight;
     (3) places or causes to be placed on a civil aircraft registered in a country other than the United States while such aircraft is in service, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to that aircraft which renders that aircraft incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger that aircraft's safety in flight; or
     (4) attempts or conspires to commit an offense described in paragraphs (1) through (3) of this subsection;
shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both. There is jurisdiction over an offense under this subsection if a national of the United States was on board, or would have been on board, the aircraft; an offender is a national of the United States; or an offender is afterwards found in the United States. For purposes of this subsection, the term ''national of the United States'' has the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

(c) Whoever willfully imparts or conveys any threat to do an act which would violate any of paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a) or any of paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (b) of this section, with an apparent determination and will to carry the threat into execution shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 1956, 2332b, 2339, 2339A, 2516, 3592, 5032 of this title;
title 49 section 44936.

18 USC Sec. 33 Has Changes                                                 01/22/02

Sec. 33. Destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle facilities

(<-- Previous Changes)
(<-- Previous Patriot II Changes)
     (a) Whoever willfully, with intent to endanger the safety of any person on board or anyone who he believes will board the same, or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, damages, disables, destroys, tampers with, or places or causes to be placed any explosive or other destructive substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any motor vehicle which is used, operated, or employed in interstate or foreign commerce, or its cargo or material used or intended to be used in connection with its operation; or
     Whoever willfully, with like intent, damages, disables, destroys, sets fire to, tampers with, or places or causes to be placed any explosive or other destructive substance in, upon, or in proximity to any garage, terminal, structure, supply, or facility used in the operation of, or in support of the operation of, motor vehicles engaged in interstate or foreign commerce or otherwise makes or causes such property to be made unworkable, unusable, or hazardous to work or use; or
     Whoever, with like intent, willfully disables or incapacitates any driver or person employed in connection with the operation or maintenance of the motor vehicle, or in any way lessens the ability of such person to perform his duties as such; or
     Whoever willfully attempts or conspires to do any of the aforesaid acts -

shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
(Next Changes->)
(Next Patriot II Changes->)

(b) Whoever is convicted of a violation of subsection (a) involving a motor vehicle that, at the time the violation occurred, carried high-level radioactive waste (as that term is defined in section 2(12) of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (42 U.S.C. 10101(12))) or spent nuclear fuel (as that term is defined in section 2(23) of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (42 U.S.C. 10101(23))), shall be fined under this title and imprisoned for any term of years not less than 30, or for life.

-SOURCE-
(Added July 14, 1956, ch. 595, Sec. 1, 70 Stat. 540;
amended Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147;
Pub. L. 104-88, title IV, Sec. 402(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 955.)

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 2516, 3592 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 37 01/22/02

Sec. 37. Violence at international airports

(a) Offense. - A person who unlawfully and intentionally, using any device, substance, or weapon -

(1) performs an act of violence against a person at an airport serving international civil aviation that causes or is likely to cause serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365 of this title) or death; or
(2) destroys or seriously damages the facilities of an airport serving international civil aviation or a civil aircraft not in service located thereon or disrupts the services of the airport, if such an act endangers or is likely to endanger safety at that airport, or attempts or conspires to do such an act,
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both; and if the death of any person results from conduct prohibited by this subsection, shall be punished by death or imprisoned for any term of years or for life.

(b) Jurisdiction. - There is jurisdiction over the prohibited activity in subsection (a) if -

     (1) the prohibited activity takes place in the United States; or
     (2) the prohibited activity takes place outside the United
States and

     (A) the offender is later found in the United States; or
     (B) an offender or a victim is a national of the United States (as defined in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22))).

(c) Bar to Prosecution. - It is a bar to Federal prosecution under subsection (a) for conduct that occurred within the United States that the conduct involved was during or in relation to a labor dispute, and such conduct is prohibited as a felony under the law of the State in which it was committed. For purposes of this section, the term ''labor dispute'' has the meaning set forth in section 2(c) (FOOTNOTE 1) of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, as amended (29 U.S.C. 113(c)), and the term ''State'' means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
(FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be section ''13(c)''.

-SOURCE-
(Added Pub. L. 103-322, title VI, Sec. 60021(a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1979;
amended Pub. L. 104-132, title VII, Sec. 721(g), 723(a)(1), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1299, 1300; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 601(q), 607(o), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3502, 3512.)

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 1956, 2332b, 2339A, 3592 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 81 Has Changes 01/22/02

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 5 - ARSON

Sec. 81. Arson within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction*

(<-- Previous Changes)
Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, willfully and maliciously sets fire to or burns any building, structure or vessel, any machinery or building materials or supplies, military or naval stores, munitions of war, or any structural aids or appliances for navigation or shipping, ~~or attempts to set fire to or burn~~ or attempts or conspires to do such an act, shall be imprisoned for not more than 25 years, fined the greater of the fine under this title or the cost of repairing or replacing any property that is damaged or destroyed, or both.

If the building be a dwelling or if the life of any person be placed in jeopardy, he shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for ~~not more than twenty years~~ any term of years or for life, or both.
(Next Changes->)

misc administrative details omitted

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 464, 465 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 285, 286, 35 Stat. 1144).
     Sections were consolidated and rewritten both as to form and substance and that part of each section relating to destruction of property by means other than burning constitutes section 1363 of this title.
     The words ''within the maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States'' were added to preserve existing limitations of territorial applicability. (See section 7 of this title and note thereunder.)
* i.e. anywhere in the U.S. or the waters it controls (12 mile limit)
     The phrase ''any building, structure, or vessel, any machinery or building materials and supplies, military or naval stores, munitions of war or any structural aids or appliances for navigation or shipping'' was substituted for ''any dwelling house, or any store, barn, stable, or other building, parcel of a dwelling house'', in section 464 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and ''any arsenal, armory, magazine, rope walk, ship house, warehouse, blockhouse, or barrack, or any storehouse, barn or stable, not parcel of a dwelling house, or any other building not mentioned in the section last preceding, or any vessel, built, building, or undergoing repair, or any lighthouse, or beacon, or any machinery, timber, cables, rigging, or other materials or appliances for building, repairing or fitting out vessels, or any pile of wood, boards, or other lumber, or any military, naval or victualing stores, arms, or other munitions of war'', in section 465 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed. The substituted phrase is a concise and comprehensive description of the things enumerated in both sections.
     The punishment provisions are new and are graduated with some regard to the gravity of the offense. It was felt that a possible punishment of 20 years for burning a wood pile or injuring or destroying an outbuilding was disproportionate and not in harmony with recent legislation.

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 (Patriot I), in first par., struck out '', or attempts to set fire to or burn'' after ''maliciously sets fire to or burns'' and inserted ''or attempts or conspires to do such an act,'' before ''shall be imprisoned'' and, in second par., substituted ''for any term of years or for life'' for ''not more than twenty years''.

other amendment details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 2332b, 2339A, 3295, 5032 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 175 Has Changes 01/22/02

Other changes by Public Law 107-188

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 10 - BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Sec. 175. Prohibitions with respect to biological weapons

(<-- Previous Changes)
(a) In General. - Whoever knowingly develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon, or knowingly assists a foreign state or any organization to do so, or attempts, threatens, or conspires to do the same, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years, or both. There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section committed by or against a national of the United States.

(b) Additional Offense. - Whoever knowingly possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system of a type or in a quantity that, under the circumstances, is not reasonably justified by a prophylactic, protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purpose, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. In this subsection, the terms ''biological agent'' and ''toxin'' do not encompass any biological agent or toxin that is in its naturally occurring environment, if the biological agent or toxin has not been cultivated, collected, or otherwise extracted from its natural source.

~~(b)~~ (c) Definition. - For purposes of this section, the term ''for use as a weapon'' ~~does not include~~ includes* the development, production, transfer, acquisition, retention, or possession of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for other than prophylactic, ~~protective (FOOTNOTE 1) bona fide research, or other peaceful purposes.~~ protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purposes.
(FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. Corrected by PL 107-188
(Next Changes->)

-SOURCE-
(Added Pub. L. 101-298, Sec. 3(a), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 201;
amended Pub. L. 104-132, title V, Sec. 511(b)(1), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1284;
Pub. L. 107-56, title VIII, Sec. 817(1), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 385.)

amendments detail omitted

SHORT TITLE
Section 1 of Pub. L. 101-298 provided that: ''This Act (enacting this chapter and amending section 2516 of this title) may be cited as the 'Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989'.''

PURPOSE AND INTENT
Section 2 of Pub. L. 101-298 provided that:
''(a) Purpose. - The purpose of this Act (see Short Title note above) is to -

''(1) implement the Biological Weapons Convention, an international agreement unanimously ratified by the United States Senate in 1974 and signed by more than 100 other nations, including the Soviet Union; and
''(2) protect the United States against the threat of biological terrorism.

''(b) Intent of Act. - Nothing in this Act is intended to restrain or restrict peaceful scientific research or development.''

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 175a, 176, 177, 2332b, 2339, 2339A, 2516 of this title;
title 10 section 382.

18 USC Sec. 175b Added by Patriot I 01/22/02

Other Changes are enacted by Public Law 107-188*, Public Law 107-273*.

Sec. 175b. ~~Possession by restricted persons~~ ~~Select agents; certain other agents~~ Possession by restricted persons (example of legislative indecision)

(<-- Previous Changes)
(<-- Previous Patriot II Changes)
(a)

(1) No restricted person described in subsection (b) shall ship or transport in (FOOTNOTE 1) interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, any biological agent or toxin, or receive any biological agent or toxin that has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, if the biological agent or toxin is listed ~~as a select agent in~~ (Pat II) subsection (j) of section 72.6 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 511(d)(l) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-132), and is not exempted under subsection (h) of such section 72.6, or appendix A of part 72 of the Code of Regulations. Appendix A of part 72 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 351A of the Public Health Service Act, and is not exempted under subsection (h) of section 72.6, or Appendix A of part 72, of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations. as a non-overlap or overlap select biological agent or toxin in [sections 73.4 and 73.5] of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to section 351 A of the Public Health Service Act, and is not exempted under [section 73.6] of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations.
(FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be followed by ''in''. Corrected by PL 107-188.
Reader's Note: P.L. 107-188 struck out parts of P.L. 107-56, and its replacement text is in turn proposed to be struck out and replaced by Patriot II.
~~(c)~~ (2) Moved to here from the bottom by PL 107-188. Whoever knowingly violates this section shall be fined as provided in this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both, but the prohibition contained in this section shall not apply with respect to any duly authorized United States governmental activity.
(Next Patriot II Changes->)

(b) Transfer to Unregistered Person.--

(1) Select agents.--Whoever transfers a select agent to a person who the transferor knows or has reasonable cause to believe is not registered as required by regulations under subsection (b) or (c) of section 351A of the Public Health Service Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.
(2) Certain other biological agents and toxins.--Whoever transfers a biological agent or toxin listed pursuant to section 212(a)(1) of the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 to a person who the transferor knows or has reasonable cause to believe is not registered as required by regulations under subsection (b) or (c) of section 212 of such Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.

(1) Select agents.--Whoever knowingly possesses a biological agent or toxin where such agent or toxin is a select agent for which such person has not obtained a registration required by regulations under section 351A(c) of the Public Health Service Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.
(2) Certain other biological agents and toxins.--Whoever knowingly possesses a biological agent or toxin where such agent or toxin is a biological agent or toxin listed pursuant to section 212(a)(1) of the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 for which such person has not obtained a registration required by regulations under section 212(c) of such Act shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.

~~(b)~~ (d) In this section:

     (1) ~~The term ''select agent'' does not include~~ The term `select agent' means
a biological agent or toxin to which subsection (a) applies. Such term (including for purposes of subsection (a)) does not include any such biological agent or toxin that is in its naturally-occurring environment, if the biological agent or toxin has not been cultivated, collected, or otherwise extracted from its natural source.
     (2) The term ''restricted person'' means an individual who -

     (A) is under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 1 year;
     (B) has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 1 year;
     (C) is a fugitive from justice;
     (D) is an unlawful user of any controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802));
     (E) is an alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States;
     (F) has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been committed to any mental institution;
     (G) is an alien (other than an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence) who is a national of a country as to which the Secretary of State, pursuant to section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)), section 620A of chapter 1 of part M of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371), or section 40(d) of chapter 3 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2780(d)), has made a determination (that remains in effect) that such country has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism; or
     (H) has been discharged from the Armed Services of the United States under dishonorable conditions.

     (3) The term ''alien'' has the same meaning as in section ~~1010(a)(3)~~ 101(a)(3) (FOOTNOTE 2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3)).
(FOOTNOTE 2) So in original. Probably should be section ''101(a)(3)''. Corrected by PL 107-188.
     (4) The term ''lawfully admitted for permanent residence'' has the same meaning as in section 101(a)(20) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20)).

Note: the old (c) [now (a)(2)] used to be here.

-SOURCE-
(Added Pub. L. 107-56, title VIII, Sec. 817(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 385.)

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 2332b of this title.

18 USC Sec. 178 01/22/02

Changes by Public Law 107-188*

Sec. 178. Definitions

As used in this chapter -

(Skip To Next Pat I Changes->)
(1) the term ''biological agent'' means any micro-organism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology, or any naturally occurring or bioengineered component of any such microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product, capable of means any microorganism (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substance, or any naturally occurring, bioengineered or synthesized component of any such microorganism or infectious substance, capable of causing -

     (A) death, disease, or other biological malfunction in a human, an animal, a plant, or another living organism;
     (B) deterioration of food, water, equipment, supplies, or material of any kind; or
     (C) deleterious alteration of the environment;

(2) the term ''toxin'' ~~means the toxic material of plants, animals, microorganisms, viruses, fungi, or infectious substances, or a recombinant molecule, whatever its origin or method of production, including~~ means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule, whatever their origin and method of production, and includes -

(A) any poisonous substance or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology produced by a living organism; or
(B) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or derivative of such a substance;

(3) the term ''delivery system'' means -

(A) any apparatus, equipment, device, or means of delivery specifically designed to deliver or disseminate a biological agent, toxin, or vector; or
(B) any vector;

(4) the term ''vector'' means a living organism, or molecule, including a ~~recombinant molecule, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology~~ recombinant or synthesized molecule, capable of carrying a biological agent or toxin to a host; and
(5) the term ''national of the United States'' has the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).
(Next Changes->)

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 1993, 2332a of this title.

18 USC Sec. 229 01/22/02

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 11B - CHEMICAL WEAPONS

Sec. 229. Prohibited activities

(a) Unlawful Conduct. - Except as provided in subsection (b), it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly -

(1) to develop, produce, otherwise acquire, transfer directly or indirectly, receive, stockpile, retain, own, possess, or use, or threaten to use, any chemical weapon; or
(2) to assist or induce, in any way, any person to violate paragraph (1), or to attempt or conspire to violate paragraph (1).

(b) Exempted Agencies and Persons. -

     (1) In general. - Subsection (a) does not apply to the retention, ownership, possession, transfer, or receipt of a chemical weapon by a department, agency, or other entity of the United States, or by a person described in paragraph (2), pending destruction of the weapon.
     (2) Exempted persons. - A person referred to in paragraph (1) is -

     (A) any person, including a member of the Armed Forces of the United States, who is authorized by law or by an appropriate officer of the United States to retain, own, possess, transfer, or receive the chemical weapon; or
     (B) in an emergency situation, any otherwise nonculpable person if the person is attempting to destroy or seize the weapon.

(c) Jurisdiction. - Conduct prohibited by subsection (a) is within the jurisdiction of the United States if the prohibited conduct -

     (1) takes place in the United States;
     (2) takes place outside of the United States and is committed by a national of the United States;
     (3) is committed against a national of the United States while the national is outside the United States; or
     (4) is committed against any property that is owned, leased, or used by the United States or by any department or agency of the United States, whether the property is within or outside the United States.

-SOURCE-
(Added Pub. L. 105-277, div. I, title II, Sec. 201(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-866.)

misc administrative details omitted

REVOCATIONS OF EXPORT PRIVILEGES

Pub. L. 105-277, div. I, title II, Sec. 211, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-872, provided that:

''If the President determines, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing in accordance with section 554 of title 5, United States Code, that any person within the United States, or any national of the United States located outside the United States, has committed any violation of section 229 of title 18, United States Code, the President may issue an order for the suspension or revocation of the authority of the person to export from the United States any goods or technology (as such terms are defined in section 16 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2415)).'' (For authority of Secretary of Commerce to suspend or revoke export privileges pursuant to section 211 of Pub. L. 105-277, set out above, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 13128, June 25, 1999, 64 F.R. 34703, set out as a note under section 6711 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 229A, 229D, 229E, 2332b, 2339, 2339A, 2516 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 229F 01/22/02

Sec. 229F. Definitions

In this chapter:

(1) Chemical weapon. -
The term ''chemical weapon'' means the following, together or separately:

     (A) A toxic chemical and its precursors, except where intended for a purpose not prohibited under this chapter as long as the type and quantity is consistent with such a purpose.
     (B) A munition or device, specifically designed to cause death or other harm through toxic properties of those toxic chemicals specified in subparagraph (A), which would be released as a result of the employment of such munition or device.
     (C) Any equipment specifically designed for use directly in connection with the employment of munitions or devices specified in subparagraph (B).

     (2) Chemical weapons convention; convention. -
The terms ''Chemical Weapons Convention'' and ''Convention'' mean the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, opened for signature on January 13, 1993.
     (3) Key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system. -
The term ''key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system'' means the precursor which plays the most important role in determining the toxic properties of the final product and reacts rapidly with other chemicals in the binary or multicomponent system.
     (4) National of the united states. -
The term ''national of the United States'' has the same meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).
     (5) Person. - The term ''person'', except as otherwise provided, means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, any State or any political subdivision thereof, or any political entity within a State, any foreign government or nation or any agency, instrumentality or political subdivision of any such government or nation, or other entity located in the United States.
     (6) Precursor. -

(A) In general. - The term ''precursor'' means any chemical reactant which takes part at any stage in the production by whatever method of a toxic chemical. The term includes any key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system.
(B) List of precursors. - Precursors which have been identified for the application of verification measures under Article VI of the Convention are listed in schedules contained in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

(7) Purposes not prohibited by this chapter. - The term ''purposes not prohibited by this chapter'' means the following:

     (A) Peaceful purposes. - Any peaceful purpose related to an industrial, agricultural, research, medical, or pharmaceutical activity or other activity.
     (B) Protective purposes. - Any purpose directly related to protection against toxic chemicals and to protection against chemical weapons.
     (C) Unrelated military purposes. - Any military purpose of the United States that is not connected with the use of a chemical weapon or that is not dependent on the use of the toxic or poisonous properties of the chemical weapon to cause death or other harm.
     (D) Law enforcement purposes. - Any law enforcement purpose, including any domestic riot control purpose and including imposition of capital punishment.

(8) Toxic chemical. -

(A) In general. - The term ''toxic chemical'' means any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. The term includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere.
(B) List of toxic chemicals. - Toxic chemicals which have been identified for the application of verification measures under Article VI of the Convention are listed in schedules contained in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

(9) United states. - The term ''United States'' means the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, and the commonwealths, territories, and possessions of the United States and includes all places under the jurisdiction or control of the United States, including -

     (A) any of the places within the provisions of paragraph (41) of section 40102 of title 49, United States Code;
     (B) any civil aircraft of the United States or public aircraft, as such terms are defined in paragraphs (17) and (37), respectively, of section 40102 of title 49, United States Code; and
     (C) any vessel of the United States, as such term is defined in section 3(b) of the Maritime Drug Enforcement Act, as amended (46 U.S.C., App. sec. 1903(b)).

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 2332a of this title.

18 USC Sec. 351 01/22/02

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 18 - CONGRESSIONAL, CABINET, AND SUPREME COURT ASSASSINATION, KIDNAPPING, AND ASSAULT

Sec. 351. Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault; penalties

(a) Whoever kills any individual who is a Member of Congress or a Member-of-Congress-elect, a member of the executive branch of the Government who is the head, or a person nominated to be head during the pendency of such nomination, of a department listed in section 101 of title 5 or the second ranking official in such department, the Director (or a person nominated to be Director during the pendency of such nomination) or Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, a major Presidential or Vice Presidential candidate (as defined in section 3056 of this title), or a Justice of the United States, as defined in section 451 of title 28, or a person nominated to be a Justice of the United States, during the pendency of such nomination, shall be punished as provided by sections 1111 and 1112 of this title.

(b) Whoever kidnaps any individual designated in subsection (a) of this section shall be punished (1) by imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or (2) by death or imprisonment for any term of years or for life, if death results to such individual.

(c) Whoever attempts to kill or kidnap any individual designated in subsection (a) of this section shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life.

(d) If two or more persons conspire to kill or kidnap any individual designated in subsection (a) of this section and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each shall be punished

(1) by imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or
(2) by death or imprisonment for any term of years or for life, if death results to such individual.

(e) Whoever assaults any person designated in subsection (a) of this section shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if the assault involved the use of a dangerous weapon, or personal injury results, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.

(f) If Federal investigative or prosecutive jurisdiction is asserted for a violation of this section, such assertion shall suspend the exercise of jurisdiction by a State or local authority, under any applicable State or local law, until Federal action is terminated.

(g) Violations of this section shall be investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Assistance may be requested from any Federal, State, or local agency, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force, any statute, rule, or regulation to the contrary notwithstanding.

(h) In a prosecution for an offense under this section the Government need not prove that the defendant knew that the victim of the offense was an individual protected by this section.

(i) There is extraterritorial jurisdiction over the conduct prohibited by this section.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
other amendment details omitted

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97-285, Sec. 1(a), expanded coverage of subsec. (a) to cover the killing of any individual who is a member of the executive branch of the Government and the head, or a person nominated to be head during the pendency of such nomination, of a department listed in section 101 of title 5 or the second ranking official in such department, the Director (or a person nominated to be Director during the pendency of such nomination) or Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, or a Justice of the United States, as defined in section 451 of title 28, or a person nominated to be a Justice of the United States, during the pendency of such nomination.

other amendment details omitted

REPORT TO MEMBER OF CONGRESS ON INVESTIGATION CONDUCTED SUBSEQUENT TO THREAT ON MEMBER'S LIFE
Pub. L. 95-624, Sec. 19, Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3466, provided that: ''The Federal Bureau of Investigation shall provide a written report to a Member of Congress on any investigation conducted based on a threat on the Member's life under section 351 of title 18 of the United States Code.''

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 209, 1956, 2332b, 2339A, 2516, 3286, 3592 of this title;
title 5 section 8112;
title 22 section 2709.

18 USC Sec. 470 Has Changes 01/22/02

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I - CRIMES
CHAPTER 25 - COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERY

Sec. 470. Counterfeit acts committed outside the United States A person who, outside the United States, engages in the act of -

(<-- Previous Changes)
(<-- Previous Changes by Other Laws (FYI))
(1) making, dealing, or possessing any counterfeit obligation or other security of the United States; or
(2) making, dealing, or possessing any plate, stone, analog, digital, or electronic image, or other thing, or any part thereof, used to counterfeit such obligation or security, if such act would constitute a violation of section 471, 473, or 474 if committed within the United States, ~~shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both~~ shall be punished as is provided for the like offense within the United States.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56, (Patriot I) Sec. 374(a)(2), in concluding provisions, substituted ''shall be punished as is provided for the like offense within the United States'' for ''shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both''.

other amendment details omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

misc administrative details omitted

18 USC Sec. 471 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 471. Obligations or securities of United States

Whoever, with intent to defraud, falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, or alters any obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~fifteen years~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 substituted ''20 years'' for ''fifteen years''.

other amendment details omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

other amendment details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 470, 981, 982, 1961, 2516 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 472 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 472. Uttering counterfeit obligations or securities

Whoever, with intent to defraud, passes, utters, publishes, or sells, or attempts to pass, utter, publish, or sell, or with like intent brings into the United States or keeps in possession or conceals any falsely made, forged, counterfeited, or altered obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~fifteen years~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 substituted ''20 years'' for ''fifteen years''.

other amendment details omitted

18 USC Sec. 473 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 473. Dealing in counterfeit obligations or securities

Whoever buys, sells, exchanges, transfers, receives, or delivers any false, forged, counterfeited, or altered obligation or other security of the United States, with the intent that the same be passed, published, or used as true and genuine, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~ten years~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 substituted ''20 years'' for ''ten years''.

other amendment details omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 470, 981, 982, 1961, 2516 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 474 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 474. Plates ~~or stones~~, stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images for counterfeiting obligations or securities

     (a) Whoever, having control, custody, or possession of any plate, stone, or other thing, or any part thereof, from which has been printed, or which may be prepared by direction of the Secretary of the Treasury for the purpose of printing, any obligation or other security of the United States, uses such plate, stone, or other thing, or any part thereof, or knowingly suffers the same to be used for the purpose of printing any such or similar obligation or other security, or any part thereof, except as may be printed for the use of the United States by order of the proper officer thereof; or

     Whoever makes or executes any plate, stone, or other thing in the likeness of any plate designated for the printing of such obligation or other security; or

     Whoever, with intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, scans, captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, sells, or has in such person's control, custody, or possession, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any obligation or other security of the United States; or

     Whoever sells any such plate, stone, or other thing, or brings into the United States any such plate, stone, or other thing, except under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury or other proper officer, or with any other intent, in either case, than that such plate, stone, or other thing be used for the printing of the obligations or other securities of the United States; or

     Whoever has in his control, custody, or possession any plate, stone, or other thing in any manner made after or in the similitude of any plate, stone, or other thing, from which any such obligation or other security has been printed, with intent to use such plate, stone, or other thing, or to suffer the same to be used in forging or counterfeiting any such obligation or other security, or any part thereof; or

     Whoever has in his possession or custody, except under authority from the Secretary of the Treasury or other proper officer, any obligation or other security made or executed, in whole or in part, after the similitude of any obligation or other security issued under the authority of the United States, with intent to sell or otherwise use the same; or

     Whoever prints, photographs, or in any other manner makes or executes any engraving, photograph, print, or impression in the likeness of any such obligation or other security, or any part thereof, or sells any such engraving, photograph, print, or impression, except to the United States, or brings into the United States, any such engraving, photograph, print, or impression, except by direction of some proper officer of the United States -

     Is guilty of a class B felony.

     (b) (Previous version of sentence stricken) For purposes of this section, the term ''analog, digital, or electronic image'' includes any analog, digital, or electronic method used for the making, execution, acquisition, scanning, capturing, recording, retrieval, transmission, or reproduction of any obligation or security, unless such use is authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary shall establish a system (pursuant to section 504) to ensure that the legitimate use of such electronic methods and retention of such reproductions by businesses, hobbyists, press and others shall not be unduly restricted.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
     2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 (Patriot I), Sec. 374(e)(3), substituted '', stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images'' for ''or stones'' in section catchline.

     Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 374(e)(1), inserted after second par. ''Whoever, with intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, scans, captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, sells, or has in such person's control, custody, or possession, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any obligation or other security of the United States; or''.

     Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 374(e)(2), inserted first sentence and struck out former first sentence which read as follows: ''For purposes of this section, the terms 'plate', 'stone', 'thing', or 'other thing' includes any electronic method used for the acquisition, recording, retrieval, transmission, or reproduction of any obligation or other security, unless such use is authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury.''

other amendment details omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

other amendment details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 470, 981, 982 of this title;
title 16 section 718e.

18 USC Sec. 476 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 476. Taking impressions of tools used for obligations or securities

Whoever, without authority from the United States, takes, procures, or makes an impression, stamp, analog, digital, or electronic image, or imprint of, from or by the use of any tool, implement, instrument, or thing used or fitted or intended to be used in printing, stamping, or impressing, or in making other tools, implements, instruments, or things to be used or fitted or intended to be used in printing, stamping, or impressing any obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~ten years~~ 25 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 inserted ''analog, digital, or electronic image,'' after ''impression, stamp,'' and substituted ''25 years'' for ''ten years''.

other amendment details omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 477, 981, 982 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 477 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 477. Possessing or selling impressions of tools used for obligations or securities

     Whoever, with intent to defraud, possesses, keeps, safeguards, or controls, without authority from the United States, any imprint, stamp, analog, digital, or electronic image, or impression, taken or made upon any substance or material whatsoever, of any tool, implement, instrument or thing, used, fitted or intended to be used, for any of the purposes mentioned in section 476 of this title; or

     Whoever, with intent to defraud, sells, gives, or delivers any such imprint, stamp, analog, digital, or electronic image, or impression to any other person -

     Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~ten years~~ 25 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS

2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 inserted ''analog, digital, or electronic image,'' after ''imprint, stamp,'' in first and second pars. and substituted ''25 years'' for ''ten years'' in third par.

other amendment detail omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 981, 982 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 478 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 478. Foreign obligations or securities

Whoever, within the United States, with intent to defraud, falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any bond, certificate, obligation, or other security of any foreign government, purporting to be or in imitation of any such security issued under the authority of such foreign government, or any treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, lawfully issued by such foreign government and intended to circulate as money, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~five years~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 substituted ''20 years'' for ''five years''.

other amendment detail omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 479, 981, 982 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 479 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 479. Uttering counterfeit foreign obligations or securities

Whoever, within the United States, knowingly and with intent to defraud, utters, passes, or puts off, in payment or negotiation, any false, forged, or counterfeited bond, certificate, obligation, security, treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, mentioned in section 478 of this title, whether or not the same was made, altered, forged, or counterfeited within the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~three years~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 substituted ''20 years'' for ''three years''.

other amendment detail omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 981, 982 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 480 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 480. Possessing counterfeit foreign obligations or securities

Whoever, within the United States, knowingly and with intent to defraud, possesses or delivers any false, forged, or counterfeit bond, certificate, obligation, security, treasury note, bill, promise to pay, bank note, or bill issued by a bank or corporation of any foreign country, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~one year~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 substituted ''20 years'' for ''one year''.

other amendment detail omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 981, 982 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 481 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 481. Plates ~~or stones~~, stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images for counterfeiting foreign obligations or securities

     Whoever, within the United States except by lawful authority, controls, holds, or possesses any plate, stone, or other thing, or any part thereof, from which has been printed or may be printed any counterfeit note, bond, obligation, or other security, in whole or in part, of any foreign government, bank, or corporation, or uses such plate, stone, or other thing, or knowingly permits or suffers the same to be used in counterfeiting such foreign obligations, or any part thereof; or

     Whoever, except by lawful authority, makes or engraves any plate, stone, or other thing in the likeness or similitude of any plate, stone, or other thing designated for the printing of the genuine issues of the obligations of any foreign government, bank, or corporation; or

     Whoever, with intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, scans, captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, sells, or has in such person's control, custody, or possession, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any bond, certificate, obligation, or other security of any foreign government, or of any treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, lawfully issued by such foreign government and intended to circulate as money; or

     Whoever, except by lawful authority, prints, photographs, or makes, executes, or sells any engraving, photograph, print, or impression in the likeness of any genuine note, bond, obligation, or other security, or any part thereof, of any foreign government, bank, or corporation; or

     Whoever brings into the United States any counterfeit plate, stone, or other thing, engraving, photograph, print, or other impressions of the notes, bonds, obligations, or other securities of any foreign government, bank, or corporation -

     Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~five years~~ 25 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 (Patriot I) substituted '', stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images'' for ''or stones'' in section catchline and ''25 years'' for ''five years'' in last par. and inserted after second par. ''Whoever, with intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, scans, captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, sells, or has in such person's control, custody, or possession, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any bond, certificate, obligation, or other security of any foreign government, or of any treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, lawfully issued by such foreign government and intended to circulate as money; or''.

other amendment detail omitted

18 USC Sec. 482 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 482. Foreign bank notes

Whoever, within the United States, with intent to defraud, falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any bank note or bill issued by a bank or corporation of any foreign country, and intended by the law or usage of such foreign country to circulate as money, such bank or corporation being authorized by the laws of such country, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~two years~~ 20 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 inserted ''20 years'' for ''two years''.

other amendment detail omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 483 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 483 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 483. Uttering counterfeit foreign bank notes

Whoever, within the United States, utters, passes, puts off, or tenders in payment, with intent to defraud, any such false, forged, altered, or counterfeited bank note or bill, mentioned in section 482 of this title, knowing the same to be so false, forged, altered, and counterfeited, whether or not the same was made, forged, altered, or counterfeited within the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~one year~~ 20 years, or both.

18 USC Sec. 484 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 484. Connecting parts of different notes

Whoever so places or connects together different parts of two or more notes, bills, or other genuine instruments issued under the authority of the United States, or by any foreign government, or corporation, as to produce one instrument, with intent to defraud, shall be guilty of forgery in the same manner as if the parts so put together were falsely made or forged, and shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~five years~~ 10 years, or both.

misc administrative details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 (Patriot I) substituted ''10 years'' for ''five years''.

other amendment detail omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 14 of this title.

18 USC Sec. 493 Has Changes 01/22/02

Sec. 493. Bonds and obligations of certain lending agencies

Whoever falsely makes, forges, counterfeits or alters any note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument, or writing in imitation or purporting to be in imitation of, a note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument or writing, issued by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration, Home Owners' Loan Corporation, Farm Credit Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development, or any land bank, intermediate credit bank, insured credit union, bank for cooperatives or any lending, mortgage, insurance, credit or savings and loan corporation or association authorized or acting under the laws of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~five years~~ 10 years, or both.

Whoever passes, utters, or publishes, or attempts to pass, utter or publish any note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument or document knowing the same to have been falsely made, forged, counterfeited or altered, contrary to the provisions of this section, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ~~five years~~ 10 years, or both.
(Next Changes->)

misc administrative details omitted

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
other historical/revision details omitted

Certain specific agencies are enumerated by name as are ''land bank, intermediate credit bank, bank for cooperatives,'' but the phrase ''or any lending, mortgage, insurance, credit, or savings and loan corporation or association'' was used to embrace the following: National Farm Loan Association, Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, Federal Savings and Loan Associations, National Agricultural Credit Corporation, Production Credit Corporations, Production Credit Associations, Home Loan Banks, National Mortgage Associations, and Central Bank for Cooperatives, Regional Agricultural Credit Corporation, or any instrumentalities created for similar purposes.

other historical/revision details omitted

There is no sound reason for differentiating between types of credit, insurance, banking and lending agencies in the punishment of conspiracy or in the requirement as to proof of overt acts. Since conspiracies involving offenses equally serious such as obstruction of justice, bribery, embezzlements, counterfeiting and false statements and offenses against the Treasury of the United States as well as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation are punishable under the general conspiracy statute, the same rule should be applied to lesser agencies.

other historical/revision details omitted

AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-56 (Patriot I) substituted ''10 years'' for ''five years'' in two places.

other amendment details omitted

TERMINATION DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendments by title III of Pub. L. 107-56 to terminate effective on and after the first day of fiscal year 2005 if Congress enacts a joint resolution that such amendments no longer have the force of law, see section 303 of Pub. L. 107-56, set out as a Four-Year Congressional Review; Expedited Consideration note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

misc administrative details omitted

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 14, 3056 of this title.

(Next: USC Title 18 Secs 611-930->)